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umbilical cord stem IN THE NEW THERAPY FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE Paolo De Lillo *

ROME, Sunday, March 13, 2011 (ZENIT.org) .- The success of the intranasal administration stem cells to treat Parkinson's disease has led to a significant strengthening of the control and motor function, an improvement of 68% in experimental animals, thanks to the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective which stem cells. They lead to a correction of the deficiency of dopamine, a characteristic of the disease.

These promising results have been reported of Rejuvenation Research, a major peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., underlining the potential of a non-invasive approach of stem cell therapy, a safer and effective alternative to transplantation surgery. The merit of the research of William H. Frey II, Ph.D., director of the Alzheimer 's Research Center, part of Health Partners Research Foundation, and Dr. Lusine Danielyan, who coordinated an international team of researchers at the University Hospital of Tübingen, the University of Göttingen Medical School and the University of Tübingen to Stuttgart (Germany), Health Partners Research Foundation, at St. Paul, MN (USA), University German of Cairo, in Egypt, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (USA), Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia, and the University Hospital of Geneva, Svizzera.1

In this study truly innovative stem cells can migrate into the brain in high percentage, preferably to the damaged areas, and survive for at least six months. The levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine are significantly higher in areas of the brain achieved by stem cells compared with untreated regions. The authors presented their findings in the article "Therapeutic Efficacy of Intranasally Delivered Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Parkinson Disease, "in which explain that the use of intranasal prevent tissue damage, inflammation and swelling resulting from implant surgery. No less important is the possibility, which is realized with this new method, we can repeat the treatment several times in the stem cell tempo.2

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative neurological disease, whose incidence increases with age, characterized by a decrease in motor skills, muscle function and language skills. Men are affected twice as often than women for unknown reasons. Clinical research has found significant evidence to suggest the 'usefulness of cord blood stem cells in facilitating treatment of this disease.

Parkinson's disease attacks the motor neurons in the central nervous system in a particular area, called the substantia nigra, a pigmented layer of gray matter in the very ventral midbrain, and their axonic endings that reach the striatum, disrupting the normal production of dopamine, the neurotransmitter that allows the muscles and movement to function properly. It was described in ancient Ayurvedic texts in India 6,500 years ago. When 80% of these cells is damaged, appear to be the physical symptoms of the disease (such as tremors, slowness of movement, stiffness, decreased activity muscle, loss of balance and coordination, difficulty in initiating a movement and then to stop it). At this time, there is no treatment to stop or slow down the progression of Parkinson's decisive, but various treatment methods, such as drugs, to help alleviate the symptoms, and sometimes surgery, when they do not work. The drugs work by replicating the action or by replacing the missing dopamine. In the United States 1.7 million patients suffer from this disease, and every year there are about 50 to 60,000 new cases.

Clinical trials have shown that transplantation of umbilical cord stem cells can help regenerate damaged neurons o distrutti, migliorando i sintomi   della malattia e le normali funzioni del cervello: dal camminare al parlare, al ragionamento cognitivo.

Il   metodo    finora    esplorato   dagli   scienziati ,   chiamato   “neurotransplantation” ,   prevede l'utilizzo di staminali, coltivate in laboratorio, da innestare direttamente nei siti del cervello, che richiedono dopamina. Hanno inventato varie tecniche, to push stem cells to differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons. Then they are placed directly in areas, such as the substantia nigra, the striatum or putamen, where there is a lack of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter. Stem cells today are often introduced through the striatum, a component of the subcortical telencephalon, the most important element of the basal ganglia.

Even in this case the cord blood stem cells have several advantages over others, such as bone marrow, which are 10 times less concentrated, not to mention the ease and long shelf-life, security, the use of a non-invasive process, the high rate of acceptance by the immune system paziente.3

Embryonic stem cells, initially used, there are also proved in this case no risk: in a study at Harvard University, 20% of the test animals developed tumors transplanted embryonic cells, not to mention the modest improvement and serious side effects, such as discinesia.4

A 'no other way that may lead to promising developments is the synergistic use of cord blood stem cells in combination with GDNF, neurotrophic factor derived from glial cell line. Originally produced from embryonic stem cells, today is produced in the laboratory from other types of stem cells. In 2004 the scientific journal Current Opinion in Pharmacology doctors Clive N. YT Tai and Svendsen have argued that it has the ability to repair the motor neurons damaged by Parkinson's disease, glial cells and increase survival of transplanted dopamine neurons. Infused directly into the putamen, GDNF led to significant clinical improvement without significant side effects in a small group of patients who received this growth factor for a year. The authors suggest that treatment with stem cells with growth factors will prove a grande speranza per la terapia della malattia di Parkinson.5

Nel luglio 2010 i ricercatori del Dipartimento di Neurochirurgia dell'Ospedale Zhujiang, presso la Southern Medical University di Guangzhou (Cina), coordinati dalla dottoressa Meng Li del London Imperial College, hanno dimostrato che le cellule staminali mesenchimali del cordone ombelicale, che si trovano nella gelatina di Wharton, tessuto mucopolisaccaridico che protegge ed isola i vasi ombelicali, possono differenziarsi in neuroni dopamino-simili. Nello studio hanno indotto queste staminali cordonali a formare neurosfere, composte da elementi simili a staminali neuronali che, in seguito, si trasformano in cellule, che mostrano forti somiglianze morfologiche, with phenotypic and functional motor neurons producing dopamine. After transplantation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem these rats with an experimental model of Parkinson's disease showed partial therapeutic effects in terms of improve behavior.

E 'was found that the NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) improve the local microenvironment for the transplanted stem. Therefore, an additional experiment was conducted to test the 'combined action of cord stem graft and NGF. The results of the study demonstrated that the administration of this growth factor dramatically improved survival in delle cellule trapiantate nel cervello e aumentava il contenuto di dopamina nei tessuti interessati. Test comportamentali hanno indicato un forte progresso delle funzioni motorie rispetto a quelle dei ratti trattati con il solo innesto cellulare. Questi recenti e considerevoli risultati suggeriscono che il trapianto di staminali del cordone ombelicale, soprattutto mesenchimali, combinato con la somministrazione di NGF può rappresentare una nuova ed importante strategia terapeutica per la cura del morbo di Parkinson.6

1)   Vicki Cohn   - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News - 09 Feb 2011

2)    Medical News Today - HealthPartners Research Foundation - 06 Feb 2011

3) Robin Thede , eHow Contributor

4) Deyanda Flint , eHow Contributor - 12 marzo 2010

5)   Tai Y-T, Svendsen CN. Stem cells as a potential treatment of neurological disorders. Current Opinion in      Pharmacology - 2004; 4: 98-104.

6) Li M, ed all. - Neurochemimical Research - 2010 Oct;35(10):1522-9. Epub 2010 Jul 24.

* Paul De Lillo has a doctorate in Pharmacy.

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DISPUTE ON THE DAY AFTER PILL - Concerns about the increased risk of contracting diseases of Father John Flynn, LC

ROME, Sunday, March 13, 2011 (ZENIT . org) .- In recent years, in one country after another has spread permission to sell the so-called morning-after pill. It is often justified as a way of reducing pregnancies and high birth rates among teenage girls.

Japan is one of the last countries to have authorized what is also referred to the emergency contraceptive. The Ministry of Health has given the green light to the sale of NorLevo from May, as reported by the Japan Times on February 24.

According to the article, it is hoped that this initiative will help to reduce the number of abortions. The abortion rate in Japan in 2008 stood on the 8, 8 per thousand, slightly above half that of the United States.

One of the main issues relating to the sale of morning-after pill is whether it can be allowed without a doctor's prescription. In Ireland, pharmaceutical chain Boots has proposed the sale over the counter, hoping to exploit a loophole in the legislation. Surprisingly, the Irish Medicines Board announced it would allow the sale of NorLevo without prescription, according to the Irish Times on February 22.

Consequently, not only will be sold without prescription, but also no age limit buyer. The absence of any age limit came as a surprise to the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland, which issued a statement recommending to pharmacists to refer to your doctor or clinic girls under 16 years may apply to the pill, because under the age of consent.

Meanwhile, the U.S. will put pressure to abolish the age limit to buy the morning-after pill Plan B. The manufacturers of the pill, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, have applied to the Food and Drug Administration to allow children under 17 years of being able to buy, as reported by ABC News on February 25. Currently, Plan B is available without prescription for those over 17 years.

irresponsible

Wendy Wright, President of Concerned Women for America, said it would be irresponsible to make the pill available to children so young and warned that this could create incommunicative between girls and their parents and doctors. He also said that those who take the pill Plan B needs to be followed by the doctor because the very act that led to the fear of being pregnant may have also caused an infection with sexually transmitted diseases.

On the other hand, age is no barrier to get contraceptives in England. More than 1,000 girls aged 11 to 12 years was prescribed the contraceptive pill by family doctors, according to the Sunday Times on 1 August. In addition, another 200 girls between 11 and 13 have been injected or implanted contraceptive devices.

Most of these prescriptions were given to girls or information without parental consent, according to the article because physicians are required to maintain confidentiality, unless there is evidence of sexual abuse or other pressures.

On the issue of underage, the information published not long ago by the British Department of Health confirmed the fears expressed by Wendy Wright. Give the pill the day after the girls under the age of 16 years in fact encourages them to take more risks in their sexual life, reported the Sunday Times of 30 January.

This information is contained in a study by two professors at Nottingham University, Sourafel Girma and David Paton. In recent years the authorities have distributed free on the pill in some areas, in the hope that it might reduce teenage pregnancies.

The study compared the areas where the pill has been distributed to the minors with those that have not been distributed, making sure the levels of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The professors found that the free distribution of the pill in pharmacies did not reduce the pregnancy rate, but instead had increased levels of STDs by about 12%.

International research has consistently failed to demonstrate that the programs of birth control will get a reduction of the rates of teenage pregnancy and abortion, said Norman Wells, director of the Family Education Trust.

Cheryl Wetzstein had raised the same issue in an article published on March 25, 2010 Washington Times. The Wetzstein cited an article in the Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants in 2007 in which it was alleged that the emergency contraceptive could consistently reduce unwanted pregnancies.

Studies show, however, that these pills have not reduced the rates of pregnancy or abortion, he said.

The Wetzstein drew the March edition of Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, published by the pro-abortion Guttmacher Institute, which recognizes the need to develop new strategies to reduce rates of abortion as birth control pills the next day did not help at all to reach our goal.

Conscientious objection

The spread of the morning-after pill raises serious concerns regarding the risk of contracting STDs and to develop health problems in women who regularly use high doses the pill.

Other concerns relate to the issue of conscientious objection.

Irish newspaper The Irish Catholic also deplored the fact that, following the decision to allow la vendita della pillola del giorno dopo come farmaco da banco, i farmacisti saranno obbligati a venderla.

L'articolo del 24 febbraio ha sottolineato che i contraccettivi di emergenza possono avere anche un effetto abortivo e che per questo motivo alcuni farmacisti non li vogliono vendere.

Il Codice di condotta dei farmacisti non prevede la possibilità dell'obiezione di coscienza per i cattolici o per chiunque possa avere difficoltà etiche nella vendita dei farmaci.

In risposta ad una domanda posta dall'Irish Catholic, la Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland has confirmed that under the Code of Conduct, pharmacists should take the morning-after pill, and that if they did not have the availability to take reasonable steps to ensure that such drugs or services are provided.

In the United States will discuss the issue on the right to conscientious objection, following the recent decision by the Obama Administration to repeal the regulation enacted by the previous President Bush.

The initiative was considered "disappointing" by Deirdre McQuade, the Secretariat pro-life della Conferenza Episcopale USA, in un comunicato stampa del 18 febbraio.

Il 23 febbraio, il National Catholic Register ha spiegato in un articolo che la normativa del dicembre 2008 rafforza il diritto degli operatori sanitari di non partecipare a una serie di interventi medici che si pongono in violazione dei propri principi religiosi o morali. Questi interventi comprendono non solo l'aborto e la sterilizzazione, ma anche i contraccettivi.

Sempre di più, gli operatori sanitari vengono costretti a violare la propria coscienza in una miriade di modi, come nel dover dispensare o amministrare la cosiddetta pillola del next day, told the Register Marie Hilliard, director of bioethics and public policy at the National Catholic Bioethics Center.

Giving testimony

The need to defend the right of conscience was the theme addressed by the Archbishop of Vancouver, J. Michael Miller, delivered a homily during Mass in January for health professionals.

In some passages, published by the BC Catholic diocesan newspaper in its edition of February 4, Bishop Miller insists that Catholics working in the field healthcare should be free to live the message of Christ in their lives.

The archbishop also denounced an increasingly aggressive secularism, which seeks to prevent religion from having any kind of influence in the public sphere.

"Forcing people of faith to keep their opinions to themselves is to think of it, in itself an undemocratic to impose harmony among citizens of a free society," he said.

"It's a finely veiled restrict freedom of expression of believers, "he added.

Rejecting what he called a "conspiracy of silence and complicity," Bishop Miller has appealed to Catholics to take responsibility to give witness to Christ even at the risk of persecution. Persecution that is too often required by law.

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'embryonic cells are not patentable. " Turn the EU? - L '"harangue" - The lawyer of the Court of Justice in charge of a case about commercial use of stem cells: if they become beings umani (o in organi umani) il loro stato giuridico è quello di vite a tutti gli effetti

DA MILANO

A leggere l’opinione resa pubblica ieri dall’avvocato gene­rale della Corte di giustizia europea Yves Bot sugli em­brioni, la domanda sorge spontanea: che il tribunale supremo dell’Unione sia pronto finalmente a ricono­scere la vita fin dal concepi­mento? Sarebbe,certo, un segnale importante di cam­biamento culturale, ma so­prattutto una svolta verso u­na nuova eticità della ricer­ca scientifica, nel futuro. Ma prima i fatti.

Tutto comincia con lo “stra­no” caso del dottor Oliver Brüstle, uno dei più impor­tanti ricercatori tedeschi nel campo delle cellule stami­nali embrionali. Mister Brü­stle registra nel 1997 un bre­vetto per una sua esclusiva scoperta: è riuscito a isolare cellule progenitrici neurali, ottenuto a partire da cellule staminali embrionali uma­ne, con cui – sostiene – po­tranno essere curati azienti affetti dal morbo di Parkin­son.

Ad accorgersene è Green­peace, che denuncia il fatto alla Corte federale dei bre­vetti tedesca. Quest’ultima withdraws the 'exclusive' to the scientist, but there is and is challenging the ruling before the Federal High Court of Justice. Hence the "jump" to the European Court, which the German court - before deciding on the case - it demands a clear definition of "human embryo" (definition not included in n.98/44 Directive on the patentability of biotechnological inventions). The question on the bench is as simple as fundamental: namely whether the exclusion of patentability of human life and embryos (supported in the Directive) includes all the stages of human life from fertilization of the egg or whether they should be complied with other conditions, such as, for example, to reach a certain stage of development of the embryo itself. Yesterday, a few months from the official pronouncement of the Court of Justice on the case 'Brüstle-Greenpeace' (which examined last January and is expected to reach a decision in the summer) to say his was nominated for the Advocate General the cause, a "pm" within the Community Court. According to Yves Bot "cells that have the capacity to become a human being should be treated legally as human beings in all respects" motivo per cui «è da escludere – conclude Bot – che siano brevettabili».

Ma c’è di più ancora, visto che nella sua “arringa” l’av­vocato generale sottolinea come «non importi da qua­le stadio dell’evoluzione del corpo umano una cellula provenga»: la sola condizio­ne accettabile per la brevet­tabilità è che il suo prelievo «non comporti la distruzio­ne di tale corpo umano nel­la fase della sua evoluzione in cui il prelievo è effettuato». In conclusione, Bot reputa che un’invenzione non pos­sa essere brevettabile quan­do l’attuazione del process requires, in advance, "whether the destruction of human embryos, and their use as starting material. (V. Dal.)

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Avvenire.it, END OF LIFE - End of Life, Sgreccia "Act required 'by Pier Luigi Fornari

" A law is necessary to protect the life, "Cardinal Elio Sgreccia, president emeritus of the Pontifical Academy for Life, has no doubts on the duty to approve legislation on end of life, completing the process begun in the House. The cardinal wishes to see enacted a law «la più vicina possibile» al disegno varato dal Senato nel marzo del 2009, e si trova d’accordo con l’ultimo aggiustamento subito dall’articolato in seguito al parere espresso dalla Commissione Affari costituzionali, cioè la cancellazione del carattere vincolante del parere espresso dal collegio di specialisti in caso di contrasto tra medico curante e fiduciario sulla attuazione delle dichiarazioni anticipate di trattamento (Dat).

«È indispensabile legiferare, al punto in cui siamo giunti – spiega il bioeticista – in particolare dopo la tragica conclusione della vicenda di Eluana Englaro, per cui non si riuscì a varare un decreto that could correct the judiciary's decision to suspend her hydration and nutrition. If you do not set a rule, incidents similar to those of young Lecco can be multiplied many times as there are people willing to go that route to death. And this can not be allowed. "

At stake is therefore the principle of the unavailability of human life?

fact. It is a value protected by the Constitution and all our laws. And I am convinced that this is a principle recognized by a very large majority of Italians. It is the basic value that must be approached all the law on end of life, including Dat.

Some people prefer the term "living will" ...

a name is unacceptable, because in this case means that the wishes expressed by the person shall be binding upon, conflict with the principle of the unavailability of human life. The mandatory requirement for doctors to implement the expressed will "of now is unsustainable.

In what extent the principle is violated?

With the binding nature of Dat, in fact it would provide the power to someone to have on human life, whether their own or that of others. It would also violated the principle of equality among men.

in 2003 she was part of the National Committee for Bioethics. What was then the main concern in the development of opinion on Dat?

We put a lot of attention to the names, rejecting both the word "will", the "arrangement" as irattere binding. We chose instead the term "statements" to indicate an expression of guidelines, of desires, of which the physician takes into account se riscontra che la loro attuazione è conforme al principio della indisponibilità della vita e al bene del paziente.

E la Convenzione di Oviedo?

Quel parere era perfettamente in accordo con tale documento. Ricordo anche che, nella elaborazione della Convenzione del Consiglio d’Europa, si evitarono volutamente termini che avessero un peso tale da obbligare il medico a mettere in atto quanto scritto nelle dichiarazioni di volontà della persona riguardo ai futuri trattamenti medici.

Come si inserisce in questo contesto il ruolo del medico?

This is another crucial point, because the doctor has a responsibility, indeed a duty to guarantee.

In what sense?

It is your job profile to assign this role to guarantee. This responsibility carries with respect to the patient's own health, to his professional conscience, the state and, say, in front of the entire citizenship. For a person wishing to exercise a waste of current therapies necessary to safeguard their lives can not expect your cooperation. Indeed, it must expressly terminate the relationship with your doctor, take personal responsibility to the point of his willingness to abandon the health facility.

And in the case of the "living will"?

tumbling with the rules or with \u0026lt;+ italic> trick \u0026lt;+ round> the role of guarantor of life and health of the patient exercised by the doctor, it undermines a cornerstone of the Constitution and the medical profession.

So what are the indications to be obtained for the law?

That Dat, as well to be in writing and renewed after a certain period of time, can not be binding when new circumstances arise it is for the doctor to evaluate.

What other task is for the doctor?

avoid both the tenacity and the abandonment of treatment, and ensure the vital support provided by nutrition and hydration, which are not medical treatments.

There is also a duty to avoid any form of euthanasia ...

fact, but it would be appropriate in approval of a precise definition in the text. Euthanasia is an act or omission of a speech that actually seeks and with the intent to terminate life or hastening death, albeit with the intention to reduce or stop the pain.

Other filings possible?

would seek clarification over the audience of the subjects for which come into force Dat, because the enlargement took place in the House seems a bit 'generic enough to require clarification. For example, patients with Parkinson's disease and in certain circumstances are unable to understand the doctor's advice and to decide, but it would be a mistake to treat them the same way as a persistent vegetative state and deprive them of certain treatments of their own pathology. There may be a risk of abuse. The addition made to the Deputies withdraw hydration and nutrition when it is no longer effective, a specification is superfluous: I do not want to open a space agency.

What information to give law enforcement?

Increase the availability and support for palliative care; need specific assistance for the terminally ill or vegetative states. It should also be extended education for all healthcare workers, even in university courses.

What he has to say the Church's teaching on diseases in which consciousness seems to disappear ...

Four years ago the Holy Father in the audience to the participants at the congress on the vegetative states promoted by the Pontifical Council for Life, found that already the term vegetative state is ambiguous. We are faced with a vegetable, but a man. Often we confuse inability of expression with loss of consciousness. So, you need an attitude of extreme caution. Recent research has only confirmed that indication ethics.

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