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umbilical cord stem IN THE NEW THERAPY FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE Paolo De Lillo *

ROME, Sunday, March 13, 2011 (ZENIT.org) .- The success of the intranasal administration stem cells to treat Parkinson's disease has led to a significant strengthening of the control and motor function, an improvement of 68% in experimental animals, thanks to the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective which stem cells. They lead to a correction of the deficiency of dopamine, a characteristic of the disease.

These promising results have been reported of Rejuvenation Research, a major peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., underlining the potential of a non-invasive approach of stem cell therapy, a safer and effective alternative to transplantation surgery. The merit of the research of William H. Frey II, Ph.D., director of the Alzheimer 's Research Center, part of Health Partners Research Foundation, and Dr. Lusine Danielyan, who coordinated an international team of researchers at the University Hospital of Tübingen, the University of Göttingen Medical School and the University of Tübingen to Stuttgart (Germany), Health Partners Research Foundation, at St. Paul, MN (USA), University German of Cairo, in Egypt, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (USA), Institute of Molecular Biology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia, and the University Hospital of Geneva, Svizzera.1

In this study truly innovative stem cells can migrate into the brain in high percentage, preferably to the damaged areas, and survive for at least six months. The levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine are significantly higher in areas of the brain achieved by stem cells compared with untreated regions. The authors presented their findings in the article "Therapeutic Efficacy of Intranasally Delivered Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Parkinson Disease, "in which explain that the use of intranasal prevent tissue damage, inflammation and swelling resulting from implant surgery. No less important is the possibility, which is realized with this new method, we can repeat the treatment several times in the stem cell tempo.2

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative neurological disease, whose incidence increases with age, characterized by a decrease in motor skills, muscle function and language skills. Men are affected twice as often than women for unknown reasons. Clinical research has found significant evidence to suggest the 'usefulness of cord blood stem cells in facilitating treatment of this disease.

Parkinson's disease attacks the motor neurons in the central nervous system in a particular area, called the substantia nigra, a pigmented layer of gray matter in the very ventral midbrain, and their axonic endings that reach the striatum, disrupting the normal production of dopamine, the neurotransmitter that allows the muscles and movement to function properly. It was described in ancient Ayurvedic texts in India 6,500 years ago. When 80% of these cells is damaged, appear to be the physical symptoms of the disease (such as tremors, slowness of movement, stiffness, decreased activity muscle, loss of balance and coordination, difficulty in initiating a movement and then to stop it). At this time, there is no treatment to stop or slow down the progression of Parkinson's decisive, but various treatment methods, such as drugs, to help alleviate the symptoms, and sometimes surgery, when they do not work. The drugs work by replicating the action or by replacing the missing dopamine. In the United States 1.7 million patients suffer from this disease, and every year there are about 50 to 60,000 new cases.

Clinical trials have shown that transplantation of umbilical cord stem cells can help regenerate damaged neurons o distrutti, migliorando i sintomi   della malattia e le normali funzioni del cervello: dal camminare al parlare, al ragionamento cognitivo.

Il   metodo    finora    esplorato   dagli   scienziati ,   chiamato   “neurotransplantation” ,   prevede l'utilizzo di staminali, coltivate in laboratorio, da innestare direttamente nei siti del cervello, che richiedono dopamina. Hanno inventato varie tecniche, to push stem cells to differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons. Then they are placed directly in areas, such as the substantia nigra, the striatum or putamen, where there is a lack of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter. Stem cells today are often introduced through the striatum, a component of the subcortical telencephalon, the most important element of the basal ganglia.

Even in this case the cord blood stem cells have several advantages over others, such as bone marrow, which are 10 times less concentrated, not to mention the ease and long shelf-life, security, the use of a non-invasive process, the high rate of acceptance by the immune system paziente.3

Embryonic stem cells, initially used, there are also proved in this case no risk: in a study at Harvard University, 20% of the test animals developed tumors transplanted embryonic cells, not to mention the modest improvement and serious side effects, such as discinesia.4

A 'no other way that may lead to promising developments is the synergistic use of cord blood stem cells in combination with GDNF, neurotrophic factor derived from glial cell line. Originally produced from embryonic stem cells, today is produced in the laboratory from other types of stem cells. In 2004 the scientific journal Current Opinion in Pharmacology doctors Clive N. YT Tai and Svendsen have argued that it has the ability to repair the motor neurons damaged by Parkinson's disease, glial cells and increase survival of transplanted dopamine neurons. Infused directly into the putamen, GDNF led to significant clinical improvement without significant side effects in a small group of patients who received this growth factor for a year. The authors suggest that treatment with stem cells with growth factors will prove a grande speranza per la terapia della malattia di Parkinson.5

Nel luglio 2010 i ricercatori del Dipartimento di Neurochirurgia dell'Ospedale Zhujiang, presso la Southern Medical University di Guangzhou (Cina), coordinati dalla dottoressa Meng Li del London Imperial College, hanno dimostrato che le cellule staminali mesenchimali del cordone ombelicale, che si trovano nella gelatina di Wharton, tessuto mucopolisaccaridico che protegge ed isola i vasi ombelicali, possono differenziarsi in neuroni dopamino-simili. Nello studio hanno indotto queste staminali cordonali a formare neurosfere, composte da elementi simili a staminali neuronali che, in seguito, si trasformano in cellule, che mostrano forti somiglianze morfologiche, with phenotypic and functional motor neurons producing dopamine. After transplantation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem these rats with an experimental model of Parkinson's disease showed partial therapeutic effects in terms of improve behavior.

E 'was found that the NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) improve the local microenvironment for the transplanted stem. Therefore, an additional experiment was conducted to test the 'combined action of cord stem graft and NGF. The results of the study demonstrated that the administration of this growth factor dramatically improved survival in delle cellule trapiantate nel cervello e aumentava il contenuto di dopamina nei tessuti interessati. Test comportamentali hanno indicato un forte progresso delle funzioni motorie rispetto a quelle dei ratti trattati con il solo innesto cellulare. Questi recenti e considerevoli risultati suggeriscono che il trapianto di staminali del cordone ombelicale, soprattutto mesenchimali, combinato con la somministrazione di NGF può rappresentare una nuova ed importante strategia terapeutica per la cura del morbo di Parkinson.6

1)   Vicki Cohn   - Mary Ann Liebert, Inc./Genetic Engineering News - 09 Feb 2011

2)    Medical News Today - HealthPartners Research Foundation - 06 Feb 2011

3) Robin Thede , eHow Contributor

4) Deyanda Flint , eHow Contributor - 12 marzo 2010

5)   Tai Y-T, Svendsen CN. Stem cells as a potential treatment of neurological disorders. Current Opinion in      Pharmacology - 2004; 4: 98-104.

6) Li M, ed all. - Neurochemimical Research - 2010 Oct;35(10):1522-9. Epub 2010 Jul 24.

* Paul De Lillo has a doctorate in Pharmacy.

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DISPUTE ON THE DAY AFTER PILL - Concerns about the increased risk of contracting diseases of Father John Flynn, LC

ROME, Sunday, March 13, 2011 (ZENIT . org) .- In recent years, in one country after another has spread permission to sell the so-called morning-after pill. It is often justified as a way of reducing pregnancies and high birth rates among teenage girls.

Japan is one of the last countries to have authorized what is also referred to the emergency contraceptive. The Ministry of Health has given the green light to the sale of NorLevo from May, as reported by the Japan Times on February 24.

According to the article, it is hoped that this initiative will help to reduce the number of abortions. The abortion rate in Japan in 2008 stood on the 8, 8 per thousand, slightly above half that of the United States.

One of the main issues relating to the sale of morning-after pill is whether it can be allowed without a doctor's prescription. In Ireland, pharmaceutical chain Boots has proposed the sale over the counter, hoping to exploit a loophole in the legislation. Surprisingly, the Irish Medicines Board announced it would allow the sale of NorLevo without prescription, according to the Irish Times on February 22.

Consequently, not only will be sold without prescription, but also no age limit buyer. The absence of any age limit came as a surprise to the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland, which issued a statement recommending to pharmacists to refer to your doctor or clinic girls under 16 years may apply to the pill, because under the age of consent.

Meanwhile, the U.S. will put pressure to abolish the age limit to buy the morning-after pill Plan B. The manufacturers of the pill, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, have applied to the Food and Drug Administration to allow children under 17 years of being able to buy, as reported by ABC News on February 25. Currently, Plan B is available without prescription for those over 17 years.

irresponsible

Wendy Wright, President of Concerned Women for America, said it would be irresponsible to make the pill available to children so young and warned that this could create incommunicative between girls and their parents and doctors. He also said that those who take the pill Plan B needs to be followed by the doctor because the very act that led to the fear of being pregnant may have also caused an infection with sexually transmitted diseases.

On the other hand, age is no barrier to get contraceptives in England. More than 1,000 girls aged 11 to 12 years was prescribed the contraceptive pill by family doctors, according to the Sunday Times on 1 August. In addition, another 200 girls between 11 and 13 have been injected or implanted contraceptive devices.

Most of these prescriptions were given to girls or information without parental consent, according to the article because physicians are required to maintain confidentiality, unless there is evidence of sexual abuse or other pressures.

On the issue of underage, the information published not long ago by the British Department of Health confirmed the fears expressed by Wendy Wright. Give the pill the day after the girls under the age of 16 years in fact encourages them to take more risks in their sexual life, reported the Sunday Times of 30 January.

This information is contained in a study by two professors at Nottingham University, Sourafel Girma and David Paton. In recent years the authorities have distributed free on the pill in some areas, in the hope that it might reduce teenage pregnancies.

The study compared the areas where the pill has been distributed to the minors with those that have not been distributed, making sure the levels of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The professors found that the free distribution of the pill in pharmacies did not reduce the pregnancy rate, but instead had increased levels of STDs by about 12%.

International research has consistently failed to demonstrate that the programs of birth control will get a reduction of the rates of teenage pregnancy and abortion, said Norman Wells, director of the Family Education Trust.

Cheryl Wetzstein had raised the same issue in an article published on March 25, 2010 Washington Times. The Wetzstein cited an article in the Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants in 2007 in which it was alleged that the emergency contraceptive could consistently reduce unwanted pregnancies.

Studies show, however, that these pills have not reduced the rates of pregnancy or abortion, he said.

The Wetzstein drew the March edition of Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, published by the pro-abortion Guttmacher Institute, which recognizes the need to develop new strategies to reduce rates of abortion as birth control pills the next day did not help at all to reach our goal.

Conscientious objection

The spread of the morning-after pill raises serious concerns regarding the risk of contracting STDs and to develop health problems in women who regularly use high doses the pill.

Other concerns relate to the issue of conscientious objection.

Irish newspaper The Irish Catholic also deplored the fact that, following the decision to allow la vendita della pillola del giorno dopo come farmaco da banco, i farmacisti saranno obbligati a venderla.

L'articolo del 24 febbraio ha sottolineato che i contraccettivi di emergenza possono avere anche un effetto abortivo e che per questo motivo alcuni farmacisti non li vogliono vendere.

Il Codice di condotta dei farmacisti non prevede la possibilità dell'obiezione di coscienza per i cattolici o per chiunque possa avere difficoltà etiche nella vendita dei farmaci.

In risposta ad una domanda posta dall'Irish Catholic, la Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland has confirmed that under the Code of Conduct, pharmacists should take the morning-after pill, and that if they did not have the availability to take reasonable steps to ensure that such drugs or services are provided.

In the United States will discuss the issue on the right to conscientious objection, following the recent decision by the Obama Administration to repeal the regulation enacted by the previous President Bush.

The initiative was considered "disappointing" by Deirdre McQuade, the Secretariat pro-life della Conferenza Episcopale USA, in un comunicato stampa del 18 febbraio.

Il 23 febbraio, il National Catholic Register ha spiegato in un articolo che la normativa del dicembre 2008 rafforza il diritto degli operatori sanitari di non partecipare a una serie di interventi medici che si pongono in violazione dei propri principi religiosi o morali. Questi interventi comprendono non solo l'aborto e la sterilizzazione, ma anche i contraccettivi.

Sempre di più, gli operatori sanitari vengono costretti a violare la propria coscienza in una miriade di modi, come nel dover dispensare o amministrare la cosiddetta pillola del next day, told the Register Marie Hilliard, director of bioethics and public policy at the National Catholic Bioethics Center.

Giving testimony

The need to defend the right of conscience was the theme addressed by the Archbishop of Vancouver, J. Michael Miller, delivered a homily during Mass in January for health professionals.

In some passages, published by the BC Catholic diocesan newspaper in its edition of February 4, Bishop Miller insists that Catholics working in the field healthcare should be free to live the message of Christ in their lives.

The archbishop also denounced an increasingly aggressive secularism, which seeks to prevent religion from having any kind of influence in the public sphere.

"Forcing people of faith to keep their opinions to themselves is to think of it, in itself an undemocratic to impose harmony among citizens of a free society," he said.

"It's a finely veiled restrict freedom of expression of believers, "he added.

Rejecting what he called a "conspiracy of silence and complicity," Bishop Miller has appealed to Catholics to take responsibility to give witness to Christ even at the risk of persecution. Persecution that is too often required by law.

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'embryonic cells are not patentable. " Turn the EU? - L '"harangue" - The lawyer of the Court of Justice in charge of a case about commercial use of stem cells: if they become beings umani (o in organi umani) il loro stato giuridico è quello di vite a tutti gli effetti

DA MILANO

A leggere l’opinione resa pubblica ieri dall’avvocato gene­rale della Corte di giustizia europea Yves Bot sugli em­brioni, la domanda sorge spontanea: che il tribunale supremo dell’Unione sia pronto finalmente a ricono­scere la vita fin dal concepi­mento? Sarebbe,certo, un segnale importante di cam­biamento culturale, ma so­prattutto una svolta verso u­na nuova eticità della ricer­ca scientifica, nel futuro. Ma prima i fatti.

Tutto comincia con lo “stra­no” caso del dottor Oliver Brüstle, uno dei più impor­tanti ricercatori tedeschi nel campo delle cellule stami­nali embrionali. Mister Brü­stle registra nel 1997 un bre­vetto per una sua esclusiva scoperta: è riuscito a isolare cellule progenitrici neurali, ottenuto a partire da cellule staminali embrionali uma­ne, con cui – sostiene – po­tranno essere curati azienti affetti dal morbo di Parkin­son.

Ad accorgersene è Green­peace, che denuncia il fatto alla Corte federale dei bre­vetti tedesca. Quest’ultima withdraws the 'exclusive' to the scientist, but there is and is challenging the ruling before the Federal High Court of Justice. Hence the "jump" to the European Court, which the German court - before deciding on the case - it demands a clear definition of "human embryo" (definition not included in n.98/44 Directive on the patentability of biotechnological inventions). The question on the bench is as simple as fundamental: namely whether the exclusion of patentability of human life and embryos (supported in the Directive) includes all the stages of human life from fertilization of the egg or whether they should be complied with other conditions, such as, for example, to reach a certain stage of development of the embryo itself. Yesterday, a few months from the official pronouncement of the Court of Justice on the case 'Brüstle-Greenpeace' (which examined last January and is expected to reach a decision in the summer) to say his was nominated for the Advocate General the cause, a "pm" within the Community Court. According to Yves Bot "cells that have the capacity to become a human being should be treated legally as human beings in all respects" motivo per cui «è da escludere – conclude Bot – che siano brevettabili».

Ma c’è di più ancora, visto che nella sua “arringa” l’av­vocato generale sottolinea come «non importi da qua­le stadio dell’evoluzione del corpo umano una cellula provenga»: la sola condizio­ne accettabile per la brevet­tabilità è che il suo prelievo «non comporti la distruzio­ne di tale corpo umano nel­la fase della sua evoluzione in cui il prelievo è effettuato». In conclusione, Bot reputa che un’invenzione non pos­sa essere brevettabile quan­do l’attuazione del process requires, in advance, "whether the destruction of human embryos, and their use as starting material. (V. Dal.)

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Avvenire.it, END OF LIFE - End of Life, Sgreccia "Act required 'by Pier Luigi Fornari

" A law is necessary to protect the life, "Cardinal Elio Sgreccia, president emeritus of the Pontifical Academy for Life, has no doubts on the duty to approve legislation on end of life, completing the process begun in the House. The cardinal wishes to see enacted a law «la più vicina possibile» al disegno varato dal Senato nel marzo del 2009, e si trova d’accordo con l’ultimo aggiustamento subito dall’articolato in seguito al parere espresso dalla Commissione Affari costituzionali, cioè la cancellazione del carattere vincolante del parere espresso dal collegio di specialisti in caso di contrasto tra medico curante e fiduciario sulla attuazione delle dichiarazioni anticipate di trattamento (Dat).

«È indispensabile legiferare, al punto in cui siamo giunti – spiega il bioeticista – in particolare dopo la tragica conclusione della vicenda di Eluana Englaro, per cui non si riuscì a varare un decreto that could correct the judiciary's decision to suspend her hydration and nutrition. If you do not set a rule, incidents similar to those of young Lecco can be multiplied many times as there are people willing to go that route to death. And this can not be allowed. "

At stake is therefore the principle of the unavailability of human life?

fact. It is a value protected by the Constitution and all our laws. And I am convinced that this is a principle recognized by a very large majority of Italians. It is the basic value that must be approached all the law on end of life, including Dat.

Some people prefer the term "living will" ...

a name is unacceptable, because in this case means that the wishes expressed by the person shall be binding upon, conflict with the principle of the unavailability of human life. The mandatory requirement for doctors to implement the expressed will "of now is unsustainable.

In what extent the principle is violated?

With the binding nature of Dat, in fact it would provide the power to someone to have on human life, whether their own or that of others. It would also violated the principle of equality among men.

in 2003 she was part of the National Committee for Bioethics. What was then the main concern in the development of opinion on Dat?

We put a lot of attention to the names, rejecting both the word "will", the "arrangement" as irattere binding. We chose instead the term "statements" to indicate an expression of guidelines, of desires, of which the physician takes into account se riscontra che la loro attuazione è conforme al principio della indisponibilità della vita e al bene del paziente.

E la Convenzione di Oviedo?

Quel parere era perfettamente in accordo con tale documento. Ricordo anche che, nella elaborazione della Convenzione del Consiglio d’Europa, si evitarono volutamente termini che avessero un peso tale da obbligare il medico a mettere in atto quanto scritto nelle dichiarazioni di volontà della persona riguardo ai futuri trattamenti medici.

Come si inserisce in questo contesto il ruolo del medico?

This is another crucial point, because the doctor has a responsibility, indeed a duty to guarantee.

In what sense?

It is your job profile to assign this role to guarantee. This responsibility carries with respect to the patient's own health, to his professional conscience, the state and, say, in front of the entire citizenship. For a person wishing to exercise a waste of current therapies necessary to safeguard their lives can not expect your cooperation. Indeed, it must expressly terminate the relationship with your doctor, take personal responsibility to the point of his willingness to abandon the health facility.

And in the case of the "living will"?

tumbling with the rules or with \u0026lt;+ italic> trick \u0026lt;+ round> the role of guarantor of life and health of the patient exercised by the doctor, it undermines a cornerstone of the Constitution and the medical profession.

So what are the indications to be obtained for the law?

That Dat, as well to be in writing and renewed after a certain period of time, can not be binding when new circumstances arise it is for the doctor to evaluate.

What other task is for the doctor?

avoid both the tenacity and the abandonment of treatment, and ensure the vital support provided by nutrition and hydration, which are not medical treatments.

There is also a duty to avoid any form of euthanasia ...

fact, but it would be appropriate in approval of a precise definition in the text. Euthanasia is an act or omission of a speech that actually seeks and with the intent to terminate life or hastening death, albeit with the intention to reduce or stop the pain.

Other filings possible?

would seek clarification over the audience of the subjects for which come into force Dat, because the enlargement took place in the House seems a bit 'generic enough to require clarification. For example, patients with Parkinson's disease and in certain circumstances are unable to understand the doctor's advice and to decide, but it would be a mistake to treat them the same way as a persistent vegetative state and deprive them of certain treatments of their own pathology. There may be a risk of abuse. The addition made to the Deputies withdraw hydration and nutrition when it is no longer effective, a specification is superfluous: I do not want to open a space agency.

What information to give law enforcement?

Increase the availability and support for palliative care; need specific assistance for the terminally ill or vegetative states. It should also be extended education for all healthcare workers, even in university courses.

What he has to say the Church's teaching on diseases in which consciousness seems to disappear ...

Four years ago the Holy Father in the audience to the participants at the congress on the vegetative states promoted by the Pontifical Council for Life, found that already the term vegetative state is ambiguous. We are faced with a vegetable, but a man. Often we confuse inability of expression with loss of consciousness. So, you need an attitude of extreme caution. Recent research has only confirmed that indication ethics.

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A singular sentence in Britain - not allowed to entrust children to Christian couples (© L'Osservatore Romano, March 11, 2011)

LONDON, 10. The High Court of Justice of England and Wales has issued a ruling under which a married couple Christians, belonging to the Pentecostal community, it was confirmed the prohibition of custody of children because of their moral principles in education sex and homosexuality. The High Court has effectively determined that the moral principles based on the faith of the couple are "hostile" to the education of children. The couple, Owen and Eunice Johns, in particular, have expressed - as established by the Royal Courts of Justice - an opinion contrary to homosexuality, in violation of this respect for the 'Equality Act 2010 (the law that punishes discrimination on the basis of sex) which condenses a series of laws that protect the rights of homosexuals. The legislation, which dates back to 1965, had in fact greatly enhanced over time in implementing certain European directives. The couple - who had already received in the past fifteen children in foster care - had appealed against a High Court decision of City Hall residence (Derby), with whom he had been blocked their request to receive and assist for short periods at home even boys and girls below the age of ten, with no natural family or with mental health problems, because they refused to join the Equality Act The Christian Legal Centre, the legal assistance he had provided support to the couple in the proceedings against officials of the department of custody of Derby. According to the High Court the decision was not taken in the light of faith of both spouses, but the courts have pointed out, "is essential for the law and our way of life, that each person is guaranteed equality. We live in this country, in a società democratica e pluralistica, in uno Stato secolare e non teocratico". L'organo giudiziario ha concluso, pertanto, che le leggi che garantiscono la non discriminazione sulla base degli orientamenti sessuali hanno la precedenza sulle convinzioni religiose. I coniugi hanno sottolineato che la propria fede cristiana non ha comportato alcuna discriminazione. In una dichiarazione scritta rilasciata dopo la sentenza è scritto: "Volevamo offrire amore e una casa ai bambini che hanno bisogno senza alcuna distinzione. Ora siamo stati esclusi dall'affidamento per le opinioni morali basate sulla nostra fede e, per questo, un bambino in difficoltà ha probabilmente perduto l'occasione di trovare un'abitazione sicura e un'assistenza". E concludono: "Non we believe that our Christian moral principles are harmful. Being a Christian does not mean hostility to the law and should not be considered an obstacle in the growth and education of children. "The head of the Christian Legal Centre, Andrea Minichiello Williams, noted that in Britain there is currently a" great disequilibrium at the legislative level, "adding that" we can not have a society where a person is excluded on the basis of prevailing sexual ethics. The UK now is leading in Europe intolerance against the moral principles of faith. "

The Equality Act prohibits discrimination against homosexual couples, and provides, among other things, the possibility for them to adopt children. In practice, the British adoption agencies that receive public funding, can not make a difference on the basis of sexual orientation of people who ask to take care of children, but this has implications for the closure of several Catholic institutions activities. Catholic agencies account for about 4 percent of total adoptions. By some estimates, by 2007 at least thirteen Catholic adoption agencies have decided to discontinue the activity or severely curtailed. In a note published by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales, published on the occasion of the long national debate that has accompanied the drafting and promulgation dell'Equality Act, era stato evidenziato che la legge avrebbe costretto le agenzie cattoliche "ad agire contro i principi della fede". Le agenzie cattoliche, già nel 2007, avevano chiesto di essere esentate dall'applicazione di quanto stabilito nell'Equality Act, ma la proposta ha incontrato il rifiuto delle autorità statali. Anche la Comunione anglicana aveva espresso disappunto per la decisione di non concedere l'esenzione. In una lettera pubblica, l'arcivescovo di Canterbury, Rowan Williams, osservava come molte persone che fanno volontariato nel settore delle adozioni siano animate da motivazioni religiose e che è già prevista in altre leggi, come nel settore sanitario, l'obiezione di coscienza. L'arcivescovo di Canterbury aveva anche added that the government, while guaranteeing that the principles of non-discrimination should be on controversial moral issues, make choices for all fuzzy.

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a "law" is already there: they have written the sentences - the facts - Ilaria Nava, Future, March 10, 2011

In our legal system the Constitution and the Penal Code prohibiting assisted suicide. But with this framework has also reached the verdict Englaro. A decision "creative" principles which states are able to circumvent the rules and providing greater misinterpret those for right of freedom of treatment. That is why we must act in the matter clearly

I

It is said that the law on "Rules on therapeutic alliance, informed consent and advance directives for treatment ' these days in the home straight to the room is not necessary because the therapeutic to prevent euthanasia and abandonment in our system there are already required by law. According to the proponents of this theory, in fact, a law on end of life would only result in a shift to open euthanasia our legal system. Also - they say - the law, once approved, should be legally controlled the scope of end of life and may be subject in the future, changes in the pejorative sense. It is true, in our system there are legal rules which have hitherto governed the informed consent, the right to refuse or stop treatment, requests for euthanasia or assisted suicide, and the management of patients no longer able to express their consent. This is part 32 of the first Costuzione, which states that "the Republic protects health as a fundamental right of the individual and collective interest, and guarantees free medical care to the indigent. No one can be bound to a particular treatment if not required by law. The law may in no case violate the limits imposed by respect for the human person ". Then there is the article of the Criminal Code of consenting to the murder: "Whoever causes the death of a man, with his consent, shall be punished with imprisonment from six to fifteen years', one on assisted suicide, which punishes" whoever leads others to suicide or suicide reinforces the respect of others, or in any manner facilitates the execution. " the problem is that the ruling was issued Englaro with this legal framework. A set of rules which may now require un'esplicitazione, un chiarimento, una delimitazione di confini in modo chiaro e inequivoco. Si sono nel frattempo affermati altri principi nel nostro ordinamento, che aggirano le norme garantiste e interpretano quelle a favore della giusta libertà di cura e dell’autodeterminazione in senso eutanasico. Anche se il precedente ha un valore relativo, in assenza di legge i principi attualmente più significativi sono quelli stabiliti dalla Corte di Cassazione, che ha autorizzato l’interruzione delle cure «quando la condizione di stato vegetativo sia, in base ad un rigoroso apprezzamento clinico, irreversibile e non vi sia alcun fondamento medico, secondo gli standard scientifici riconosciuti a livello internazionale, che lasci supporre che la persona abbia la benché any chance of some, albeit weak, recovery of consciousness and return to a perception of the outside world "while" this instance is really expressive, based on evidence clear, consistent and convincing voice of the principal, comes from his personality, his lifestyle and his beliefs, corresponding to his way of thinking, before falling into unconsciousness, the very idea of \u200b\u200bhuman dignity "(Supreme Court, Case 21748/07) does not seem out place, then, that Parliament, repeatedly accused by the left and right of inertia, has decided to give a clear answer by the law. If you have crossed the Englaro ruoli delle istituzioni, provocando inutili intrecci di competenze. Ad esempio, la Regione Lombardia il 3 settembre 2008 aveva emesso un atto di indirizzo per evitare che il personale sanitario «venisse meno ai propri obblighi professionali e di servizio» se avesse dato esecuzione al decreto che autorizzava il distacco di Eluana.

Davanti a questo tentativo della Regione di arginare la sentenza «creativa» della Corte d’appello, il Tar della Lombardia ha risposto annullando il provvedimento e affermando tra le altre cose che «l’alimentazione e l’idratazione artificiali con sondino nasogastrico integrano prestazioni poste in essere da doctors, underlying scientific knowledge and which consist in the administration of preparations involving technological procedures. They therefore constitute a medical treatment, the cessation of which does not constitute a case of euthanasia by omission, but may be lawfully required in the interests of the incapacitated person "(Lombardy Regional Administrative Court, Case 214/09). The same Court of Appeal had stated in the decree of July 8, 2008 that "in situations where they are in the game right to health or the right to life, or more generally, is relevant to the critical relationship between doctor and patient, the foundation of all legal solution passes through the recognition of a rule (...), which ranks first freedom of therapeutic self-determination. " The action brought by the Milan prosecutor's office against the decree of the Court of Appeals was held inadmissible by the Supreme Court joined sections so that the case does not concern a "public interest and public protection but a subjective and individual 'Eluana.

end of the story, the complaint for murder of Amedia that the posting of the tube of Eluana, resulted in the closure of the case because, as stated by the investigating magistrate of Udine, the 14 suspects for Eluana death would act to "exercise a right" as "the judiciary can not on the one hand to grant a right and, second, indicted the year. " The magistrate said that "all suspects are not punishable for having undoubtedly acted in anticipation of legislative exercise of a right."

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Topics - Blunders copyright, there is a reply to all of Alberto Gambino, events, March 10, 2011

A law 'illiberal' which us "expropriation" of the right to decide on our lives and prevents us from seeing forcing its will to run a «vita artificiale». Una norma dettata dalla caccia ai «consensi» perduti, che infligge l’alimentazione «forzata»...

Dibattito virtuale con intellettuali e politici che si sono espressi aspramente su un provvedimento che avversano

Si susseguono in questi giorni le pre­se di posizione di voci autorevoli sulla legge che dovrà normare il «fine vita». Ecco alcune tra le numerosissime frasi che incalzano la nostra capacità di analisi e di giudizio, con altrettante risposte.

1.

"If this law were approved, each of us would lose the basic right to self-determination, would be dispossessed of the right to freely govern their own lives" (Stefano Rodota, February 21). The so-called right to self-determination not to be found in any law of the Italian State, nor in our Constitution. It is rather a creation of case law, supported by a part of our constitutional doctrine, which has embraced the principles of some foreign legal systems of common law, that is based on the drafting of judgments and, therefore, on una casistica sempre diversa. Il sistema giuridico italiano garan­tisce la libertà di governare la propria vita, ma trattandosi appunto di una libertà non è automatico che il diritto positivo (cioè regole giuridiche idonee a darne esecuzio­ne) debba sempre assecondarla. In parti­colare, ove una scelta individuale contrasti con i valori costituzionali della tutela del­la salute e della vita umana, l’ordinamen­to legislativo non offre strumenti di attua­zione, ma anzi sanziona chi volesse aiuta­re altri a portare a termine i propri intenti autolesionistici: è il caso dei reati di suici­dio assistito e omicidio del consenziente. Quindi ha il sapore di uno slogan affer­mare che la legge sul fine vita esproprie­rebbe citizens of the "fundamental right to self-determination ', since that right today, in Italy, operates within the limits specified.

2.

"It's messy and contradictory in itself a law which says the citizen: 'do well will, but know that is not binding, and that on two crucial issues such as hydration and nutrition artificial person in a vegetative state, your will can not be heard "(Giuliano Ferrara, 22 February). This is not to 'test', because our legal system does not consider the health and the human body as if they were 'things' (being one expressly prohibited by Article 5 of the Italian Civil Code). Precisely because it is not things, but their lives and their health, the last word should be left to those who, like the doctor, have the tools to assess the possibility of a therapy. For this reason, advance directives can not be binding, otherwise the doctor would turn into mere executor of the will of others. Instead, it is the right decision in medical science and consciousness to ensure better protection of life and health of the patient, which - we must always remember – è il soggetto psicologicamente e fi­siologicamente più debole di tutta la vi­cenda.

3.

«La legge in discussione di fron­te al tremore di una scelta tragica, invece di assumerne la gravosa responsabilità (continuare o sospendere nutrizione e idratazione artificiali), decide di estro­mettere la volontà del soggetto. E di affi­dare la scelta, conseguentemente, all’ap­parato biotecnologico» (Luigi Manconi, 1 marzo). L’«apparato biotecnologico» di cui parla Manconi è un sondino che veicola liquidi per sostentare il paziente. The tragic choice is whether to introduce euthanasia in Italy or not: this means stop nutrition and hydration made with the detachment of the tube. Since the line of the law is to exclude forms of euthanasia, there is a logical consequence of the foreclosure introduce euthanasia in Dat, as would an indication to the doctor to stay parenteral nutrition and hydration.

4.

"It's an unconstitutional law that wants to force people to artificial life" (Umberto Veronesi, March 2). Whenever a law does not correspond to their setting, it is argued that it is 'unconstitutional'. The bodies of Members to consider the constitutionality of a law are, in advance, the Parliament (and the party with which he was elected Veronesi, the Democratic Party, has ruled out raising exceptions of unconstitutionality of the law on Dat) and the Head of State. Then, a law passed, it will be the Constitutional Court, where it was invested with the problem, to determine compliance with the Italian Constitution. Since, however, this law does not innovate than those already provided in our system, whether it was unconstitutional should already be present all the practices and health protocols, providing that the doctor can not satisfy the wishes of the patient euthanasia.

5.

"Having lost support for having too dirty games with the body beautiful and available young women, trying to recover more playing with the choirs 'vegetative state', male and female, young or old they are" (Federico Orlando, March 2).

is a phrase in effect typical of a liberal sarcastic as Orlando, however, reminds us that the ethics of behavior and conduct with our transparency initiatives for the protection of life and health. Themes can not be reduced into partisan camps.

6.

"If surgery is inserted through a plastic tube in the intestine of the patient to power by force, that is not power, is a cure" (Ignazio Marino, March 5). No, because that pipe does is allow the passage of vital fluids. If the patient was conscious might reject it. But the freedom to refuse to supply and hydration and, therefore, of letting die can not be transposed on a written document delegating the implementation to a doctor, who would act as executor and therefore shared by the choice of euthanasia. The theme of renunciation in terms of a written nutrition and hydration is just a variation of the paradigm of self-determination. Those who claim it is obvious that the absoluteness of self-determination also considers the legitimate request for euthanasia, where the discontinuation of parenteral support represents a technique (which is more exhausting active euthanasia). Less consistent is the position of those who - in fund does not explicitly speak of euthanasia - identifies an event of an interruption of hydration from an alleged aggressive treatment (when, among other things, doctors and judges so they have not qualified just in case Englaro).

7.

"I think there is a very simple half to cut the head of the bull laid down by law that the same Dat can not contain any provision in a positive, that is to do anything, but only in negative, not to do "(Ernesto Galli della Loggia, 6 March). It is a really nice sophistry to say that the problems are resolved by allowing the Dat there are only indications not to do. Do not do what? A gradation of operations more or less invasive and, therefore, proportionate and necessary, otherwise it would come in Dat events, as mentioned, of passive euthanasia. But at this point who can really tell us whether this intervention is appropriate and proportionate, if not the medical knowledge and belief? In conclusion, we are very careful that you do not hide behind ideology autodeterministica really cynical demands of purely economic order aimed at finding a way out to the cost of vegetative states and, in general, of incurable diseases, which weighs each year - as well as on family ties - even on cases of public finance.

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Other Voices - The Law examination for pro- life, events, March 10, 2011

lawmaking on end of life or not? And if so, how? The opinions and positions that emerged from the pro-life world in recent months are not unique. Ell and still against the law to the bill currently under discussion in the Committee Room is the Truth and the Life. "Our order continues to have a very solid defense against euthanasia and abandonment therapeutic standards in the penal code in force regularly, especially the articles about the murder of the consenting and instigation to commit suicide "they wrote in Il Foglio two of the leaders of Truth and Life, PDAs and Mario Alessandro Gnocchi. "Some judges, for more civil and not criminal, have taken measures that ignore this profile - say the two - but then it was precisely on the ground and judicial powers of the judiciary which was to lead the battle, fighting the 'creative sentences' and censoring the forces have togate. "Even if the text on Dat question is not upset - still always PDAs and dumplings - it means the formal recognition by the law of the effectiveness and validity of living wills. It contains more 'gray areas' that will go far beyond the principle of patient autonomy. If you really wanted to vote a law, it had only one made of a single article, which prohibits the suspension of nutrition and hydration to persons incapable. "

The online newspaper The Daily Compass meets Monsignor Giampaolo Crepaldi, bishop of Trieste. While recognizing that critics such as highlighting a number of sensitive issues related to the law on end of life ("The law lays down for the first time the ability to write and sign a statement in advance of treatment. This is a new fact that, in future, could allow extensive interpretations and initiatives aimed at broadening the possibilities of self-determination "), recalls that" unfortunately was a ruling by the Supreme Court to give way to withdraw hydration and nutrition to Eluana ... Even the doctor who killed through euthanasia Mr Welby was eventually acquitted. This tells us that it is still possible in the future a 'legal euthanasia'. It is true that you can fight the judicial authorities and not necessarily on the legislation, but the recent experience highlights the difficulties of such an undertaking, not least because of the 'interpretability' of the laws currently in force. " Which is why, gloss Crepaldi, "the passage of the law, even though dangerous, was and is obligated."

Dry the position taken by the Christian Workers Movement, speaking through its Chairman Charles Costalli: "The issue under discussion these days in the House of Representatives is a law of 'common sense': it is a concrete way to govern the reality and not leave it in the hands of the judgments that may, at its discretion, issue a verdict of life or death. " For Costalli "the ideological clash from the beginning that has accompanied the debate about end of life has led to an incorrect representation, if not a distortion of concepts such as self-determination and the fierce therapeutic." Reason for cuiè precisely the 'time to decide, intellectual honesty and consistency, especially for Catholic lawmakers (wherever elected). " (AG)

2009 5 Disk Dvd Changer

Avvenire.it, March 10, 2011 - So it is confirmed, without betraying him, the status of the doctor - The law serves to protect the alliance with the patient care Massimo Gandolfini

'Aware' s importance and solemnity of the Act do, and that he is committed, I swear the sole purpose of pursuing the defense of life, protection of physical and mental health and the relief of human suffering, which will inspire with responsibility and ongoing commitment scientific, cultural and social, my every act professional. " Today provides the professional oath that every doctor pronounced at the beginning their work. The same formula is repeated in Article 3 of the Code of Conduct, with the specification, even more stringent, that everything is "the duty of the doctor."

practiced medicine as a specialist in neurosurgery for 35 years, and 15 directing a department of neurosciences (neurology and neurosurgery) in Brescia. Precisely because of my specialization, there are thousands of people in clinical conditions "extreme" that I rescued and cured: from craniocerebral trauma, stroke, multiple sclerosis ALS, from vegetative states with dementia, and much much more. For some time many of these disease states entered the common language, spread by the media in dealing with bioethical issues that concern the "end of life."

Euthanasia, therapeutic obstinacy, suspension of care, terminally ill, self-determination have become topics of public debate, often - unfortunately - covered with very little scientific knowledge or even incorrect. It certainly can not impute blame to the 'man in the street. " The responsibility must be sought in other cultural agencies. And since I am a doctor, I shall confine myself to look inside my home. "

That dell’arte medica è storia di cura e di servizio che conosce episodi di vera "alleanza di cura" con il paziente e i suoi familiari, sempre nella speranza di vincere insieme, o almeno di percorrere insieme il tunnel del dolore e del disagio. Non sempre è stato così, ma va detto chiaramente che quando ciò è accaduto è perché si è tradito e violato palesemente lo statuto fondativo della nostra professione. Sono state scritte pagine tragiche quando i medici si sono asserviti a ideologie contrarie al rispetto della vita e della dignità di ogni persona umana, abdicando al loro dovere sociale, professionale, deontologico ed etico.

Mi chiedo come possa be no room for choice of euthanasia or abandonment of treatment in my profession. We must study every day to learn about the diseases, fight and win, if possible. There is one line in our text where the "sweet death" is mentioned among the treatment options. Our technical and cultural training is not expected to become actors of death or resignation of abandonment.

Certainly where, conversely, we work furiously making a big mistake, but neither more nor less than when we had to choose to terminate a life entrusted to us. Neither the request, implied or otherwise, the patient may be an exception to this duty, as defined by our code of ethics. The doctor-patient covenant is "therapeutic" and there is no room for euthanasia, assisted suicide or suspension of nutrition and hydration, which leads - as we all know - to death by starvation.

Speaking of nutrition, I think technically unacceptable statement a parallel between the early and the "hunger strike", as this may be revoked by the person in real time while you are actually experiencing what " die of thirst and hunger. " Not so the declaration of now. " I believe that - as the cultural climate that runs - both really need a law that protects the covenant of care in terms of respect and support between doctor and patient. It is also an opportunity to confirm the status of the medical profession, educating physicians, patients and all of society to the "good medicine", devoted to health and life.

When Does Mask Of Pregnancy Show Up

END OF LIFE / Eluana is why after a law of Gabriel Toccafondi, Thursday, March 10, 2011, the sussidiario.net

the House kicked off Explanations of the debate on early treatment (DAT). It is striking that the law is little known especially by parliamentarians themselves, but even more surprising that in many opposing viewpoints and beliefs say: better no law to this law.

perhaps not surprising because we understand that this law is almost inevitable after the final ruling of the case Englaro and after the pronouncement of the Constitutional Court cases on appeal, a ruling that has created a way to form a euthanasia that others can easily follow. Surprising because without a "rule", which in some way from the declaration of the will of the patient, the same law would be virtually nothing, because the rulings and the ruling of the Constitutional Court require the legislature from our respect of declarations of will. Surprising, then, because the alternative would be anarchy of individual court rulings. It is a duty to make a law taking into account the stakes imposed by Eluana case, this is the reality: everything else is imagined and idealized, but does not correspond to reality.

Perhaps it's to go over what happened in the last three years in our country, because one thing is clear: no one wanted to make a law about this, but after the Englaro case has become a must. In the case of Eluana, it was put into practice also a form of euthanasia in Italy, it was decided that freedom can mean "freedom to die", it was ruled that you can take a path leading to a verdict on life and especially on a life defined flawed, testifying for the law or sentence which may not be the level for a more dignified life.

Currently in Italy there are about 3000 people in a vegetative state, there are dozens of cases ready to make the journey through the Italian courts and there are thousands of declarations of intention filed by notaries, municipalities and local authorities, documents that some association is ready to bring to court. With the ruling Englaro has created a precedent that their wills may be reconstructed or even derived from the "lifestyle". The risk is that of anarchy and not a legal case of euthanasia is asking those who speak loudly not to make this law.

This piece of legislation is clearly a barrier to the recurrence of cases such as Eluana. I repeat: it is a bank, knowing that the violence of the water may prevail. But this will make the levees is a law that clearly says "no" to euthanasia and 'no' zealous' treatment (Article 1 and Article 7).. It is a law that provides for an alliance and a relationship of trust between doctor and patient (Article 2) and in this want to understand clearly that no outsider could interpret the will of the patient compliance to treatment, that will set your doctor.

the wake of the award, and former Englaro, there are some that contain some points Dat (art. 3 and art. 4): the Declaration is relevant when it is given, written, signed, is no longer possible to reconstruct or imagine the statements of intention. Is relevant when it is determined that the patient is better able to understand, so if the failure is certain. It is valid 5 years old, and then the will must be expressed and confirmed. It must be entered in the medical record. Nutrition and hydration are not the subject of statements and can not be equated with medical treatment, except when they are no longer effective in providing nutritional factors.

in emergencies or when the subject is facing immediate danger to life, the Declaration does not apply (Article 4), the doctor applies the principle of inviolability of human life and health protection , according to the principles of precaution, prudence and proportionality (Article 7). The doctor has a central role both in the constant information to the patient cosciente, sia in seguito, quando lo stesso si trova nell’incapacità permanete di comprendere e quindi subentra la Dichiarazione di trattamento. In questo caso al paziente subentra il fiduciario da lui nominato (art. 6), che sarà l’unica persona autorizzata a interagire con il medico. In caso di controversia tra medico curante e fiduciario, la questione viene sottoposta a un collegio di medici (art. 7).

L’alternativa è l’anarchia delle sentenze di qualche tribunale che più che “accompagnare alla morte” determina la morte per legge, togliendo acqua e cibo a chi non aveva mai detto di voler morire ed era amorevolmente accudito. Che società è quella che chiama la vita “un inferno” e la morte “una liberazione”? La sospensione dell’alimentazione di Eluana è stata un omicidio, così come è omicidio quello che qualche associazione e qualche deputato dichiarano nella loro volontà di aprire all’eutanasia. La questione è poi aggravata dal fatto che si è voluto impedire l’esercizio della carità, perché c’è chi si stava prendendo cura di Eluana e, come dichiarato pubblicamente, avrebbe continuato gratuitamente a farlo. Una disponibilità che vale anche per tanti altri casi.

La storia del nostro popolo è un’altra. La storia della medicina has progressed when he began attending the "incurable", which were previously expelled from the community of men "healthy," left to die outside the city walls or deleted. Who began to care for incurable did for a reason which was more powerful than life itself: a passion for the destiny of man. The same story comes from this hospital. A story that now makes a sharp reversal.

Eluana's case, and the debate on this law, puts forward the first evidence that emerges in our lives: we do not do it alone. We wanted to be an Other. "Even the hairs of your head are counted. " To reject this evidence means reject the reality and rejects those who reject the reality of life.

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